| #21 - Posted 11 March 2011, 1:20 PM | |
Location: United States, Brooklyn N.Y. Join date: March 2010 Member #: 4768 Posts: 186 | RE: Why is sex the dominant form of reproduction on the planet? Quote: curios1 previously said: Quote: Atabey previously said: Sex Evolved as an Escape From Parasites, Study Suggests Why is sex the dominant form of reproduction on the planet? Scientists think they know why--and it all has to do with evasion of parasites. ![]() NGS photo of elephants mating by Michael Nichols Sex may have evolved in part as a defense against parasites, an article published in the July issue of the academic journal American Naturalist suggests. "Despite its central role in biology, sex is a bit of an evolutionary mystery," says a news release about the article. "Reproducing without sex--like microbes, some plants and even a few reptiles--would seem like a better way to go. Every individual in an asexual species has the ability to reproduce on its own. "But in sexual species, two individuals have to combine in order to reproduce one offspring. That gives each generation of asexuals twice the reproductive capacity of sexuals. "Why then is sex the dominant strategy when the do-it-yourself approach is so much more efficient?" One hypothesis is that parasites keep asexual organisms from getting too plentiful. NGS photo of water spiders mating by Robert Sisson "When an asexual creature reproduces, it makes clones--exact genetic copies of itself. "Since each clone has the same genes, each has the same genetic vulnerabilities to parasites. If a parasite emerges that can exploit those vulnerabilities, it can wipe out the whole population. "On the other hand, sexual offspring are genetically unique, often with different parasite vulnerabilities. So a parasite that can destroy some can't necessarily destroy all. "That, in theory, should help sexual populations maintain stability, while asexual populations face extinction at the hands of parasites." There have been few attempts to see if this hypothesis holds in nature, according to the article. "Enter Potamopyrgus antipodarum, a snail common in fresh-water lakes in New Zealand. What makes these snails interesting is that there are sexual and asexual versions. They provide scientists with an opportunity to compare the two versions side-by-side in nature." ![]() NGS photo of Gelaba baboons mating by Michael Nichols Jukka Jokela of the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Mark Dybdahl of the University of Washington and Curtis Lively of Indiana University, Bloomington began observing several populations of these snails for ten years starting in 1994. They monitored the number of sexuals, the number asexuals, and the rates of parasite infection for both. NGS photo of ladybugs mating by Robert Sisson The team found that clones that were plentiful at the beginning of the study became more susceptible to parasites over time. "As parasite infections increased, the once plentiful clones dwindled dramatically in number. Some clonal types disappeared entirely. "Meanwhile, sexual snail populations remained much more stable over time." This, the authors say, is exactly the pattern predicted by the parasite hypothesis. "The rise and fall of these female-only lineages was surprisingly fast and consistent with the prediction of the parasite hypothesis for sex," Jokela said. "These results suggest that sexual reproduction provides an evolutionary advantage in parasite-rich environments." boy i dont know if sex will help you aviod parrasites. but im sure if you have parrasites it will help you avoid sex lolllllll. |
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| #22 - Posted 11 March 2011, 1:29 PM | |
Location: United States Join date: March 2008 Member #: 522 Posts: 5804 | RE: Why is sex the dominant form of reproduction on the planet? Quote: cabaretewilliam previously said: The Origin Of The Species ????????? Are the only one who does not know it has been totally discredited, even among evolutionists?Did you miss the Times cover issue "Darwinism Is Dead" from 25 YEARS AGO???? Get educated please! Cabarete although I will side with you on this one, it is and remains a serious topic, where people take things to heart, therefore no need for ridicule or sarcasm. When in disagreement, a simple NO and your reasons for your differences of opinion will be sufficient. It will help you gain some followers and supporters on this forum. Nevertheless, for the poster who labeled biblical principles a fairy tale and evolution as fact, allow me to advise that "Darwinism" has always been taught as a theory, although the educational system convinced of its validity made it appear as if it were a proven scientific fact when in reality it is not. Above a hypothesis, evolution remains a theory that has not been fully proven. It is a proposed explanation of empirical phenomena, where tests and analysis have been perform to give it weight, but not enough to validate and justify it to be undisputable scientific knowledge. Edited on 3/11/2011 1:43 PM by guillermone. |
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| #23 - Posted 11 March 2011, 2:31 PM | |
Location: United States, Brooklyn N.Y. Join date: March 2010 Member #: 4768 Posts: 186 | RE: Why is sex the dominant form of reproduction on the planet? Quote: guillermone previously said: Quote: cabaretewilliam previously said: The Origin Of The Species ????????? Are the only one who does not know it has been totally discredited, even among evolutionists?Did you miss the Times cover issue "Darwinism Is Dead" from 25 YEARS AGO???? Get educated please! Cabarete although I will side with you on this one, it is and remains a serious topic, where people take things to heart, therefore no need for ridicule or sarcasm. When in disagreement, a simple NO and your reasons for your differences of opinion will be sufficient. It will help you gain some followers and supporters on this forum. Nevertheless, for the poster who labeled biblical principles a fairy tale and evolution as fact, allow me to advise that "Darwinism" has always been taught as a theory, although the educational system convinced of its validity made it appear as if it were a proven scientific fact when in reality it is not. Above a hypothesis, evolution remains a theory that has not been fully proven. It is a proposed explanation of empirical phenomena, where tests and analysis have been perform to give it weight, but not enough to validate and justify it to be undisputable scientific knowledge. This is definitely a sensitive topic that needs to be treated with the utmost care. In my veiw on this there are just some things that science cannot explain nor create a rational thought. To the huaman psyche some things will forever remain incomprehensible and the subject of sex or creating is one of them. In my mind it is what it is when it comes down to stuff like this. I am not coming from a Christian point of veiw but I do regard it to be something sacred and not to be taken for granted. I love the beauty of intimacy but in my veiw there are some things science cannot fully explain. |
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| #24 - Posted 11 March 2011, 3:02 PM | |
Location: United States, Trump Tower Join date: March 2011 Member #: 7179 Posts: 186 | RE: Why is sex the dominant form of reproduction on the planet? I was taught in my school days in Science class how to conduct a "scientific experiment". If I remember correctly: You have #1. Make an observation, #2. question the observation #3 Conduct and experiment. #4 Conclusion Much of what we call science today is based much on assumed hypothesis and theory which doesn't necessarilly prove anything. To go beyond personal experience and first hand witnessing, or without indisputable trusted documentaion is fallible in too many respects. As a matter of fact, I am a "Rock Star from Mars". |
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| #25 - Posted 11 March 2011, 3:25 PM | |
Location: United States, Brooklyn N.Y. Join date: March 2010 Member #: 4768 Posts: 186 | RE: Why is sex the dominant form of reproduction on the planet? Quote: CharlieEstevez previously said: I was taught in my school days in Science class how to conduct a "scientific experiment". If I remember correctly: You have #1. Make an observation, #2. question the observation #3 Conduct and experiment. #4 Conclusion Much of what we call science today is based much on assumed hypothesis and theory which doesn't necessarilly prove anything. To go beyond personal experience and first hand witnessing, or without indisputable trusted documentaion is fallible in too many respects. In summary its political propaganda. Scientits when they come up with explanations as per to how organisms or how a phenomenon comes to be, they create gaps in between their social political analysis. The rational mind doesn't always create all of the solutions as per attaining a clear view on the subject matter nor does it explains things that are supposedly unseen. Such as how can some one explain to a child how children are brought forth? The process when a man gives apart of him self to his wife, you know the part we dont get to see and nine months later omggg here comes the baby!!! Now that would be a real challenge. Edited on 3/11/2011 3:27 PM by ProfessorCemi. |
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| #26 - Posted 11 March 2011, 4:34 PM | |
Location: United States Join date: March 2008 Member #: 522 Posts: 5804 | RE: Why is sex the dominant form of reproduction on the planet? Quote: ProfessorCemi previously said: Quote: guillermone previously said: Quote: cabaretewilliam previously said: The Origin Of The Species ????????? Are the only one who does not know it has been totally discredited, even among evolutionists?Did you miss the Times cover issue "Darwinism Is Dead" from 25 YEARS AGO???? Get educated please! Cabarete although I will side with you on this one, it is and remains a serious topic, where people take things to heart, therefore no need for ridicule or sarcasm. When in disagreement, a simple NO and your reasons for your differences of opinion will be sufficient. It will help you gain some followers and supporters on this forum. Nevertheless, for the poster who labeled biblical principles a fairy tale and evolution as fact, allow me to advise that "Darwinism" has always been taught as a theory, although the educational system convinced of its validity made it appear as if it were a proven scientific fact when in reality it is not. Above a hypothesis, evolution remains a theory that has not been fully proven. It is a proposed explanation of empirical phenomena, where tests and analysis have been perform to give it weight, but not enough to validate and justify it to be undisputable scientific knowledge. This is definitely a sensitive topic that needs to be treated with the utmost care. In my veiw on this there are just some things that science cannot explain nor create a rational thought. To the huaman psyche some things will forever remain incomprehensible and the subject of sex or creating is one of them. In my mind it is what it is when it comes down to stuff like this. I am not coming from a Christian point of veiw but I do regard it to be something sacred and not to be taken for granted. I love the beauty of intimacy but in my veiw there are some things science cannot fully explain. EXACTLY PROFESSOR, EXACTLY As much as we are taught otherwise, some things we have just got to take at face value. |
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| #27 - Posted 11 March 2011, 4:38 PM | |
Location: United States, NYC Join date: October 2009 Member #: 3761 Posts: 12108 | RE: Why is sex the dominant form of reproduction on the planet? Less pain and more pleasure Shedding our penis spines helped us become human, DNA study hints Genetic comparison with chimps suggests that losing chunks of DNA – including one associated with penis spines and facial whiskers – played a crucial role in making us human ![]() * Ian Sample, science correspondent * guardian.co.uk, Wednesday 9 March 2011 18.00 GMT * Chimpanzees waiting to be fed The secret of human brain power and social structures may owe more to lost DNA than anything else. Photograph: Gert Janssen/EPA Scientists have identified a clutch of subtle genetic changes that have shaped our minds and bodies into the unique form that sets humans apart from chimpanzees and the rest of the animal kingdom. The work by researchers in the US represents a landmark in a search that has occupied philosophers and scientists for millennia and one that goes to the heart of understanding what it means to be human. The findings offer up the humbling conclusion that the secret of human success may owe more to what we lost along the path of evolution, rather than anything we gained. When the human genome was first deciphered more than a decade ago, some scientists expected to find extra genes that explained why humans had an intellectual edge over their closest living relatives and other species. But since diverging from chimpanzees around seven million years ago, it turns out that our human ancestors lost several hundred snippets of DNA, which together led to traits that are uniquely human, the researchers claim. In ditching these chunks of DNA, our ancient ancestors lost facial whiskers and short, tactile spines on their penises. The latter development is thought to have paved the way for more intimate sex and monogamous relationships. The loss of other DNA may have been crucial in allowing humans to grow larger brains. Intriguingly, hardly any of the lost DNA was from genes, which make the proteins that are the building blocks of life. Instead, the missing DNA came from areas of the genome that regulate where and when certain genes are active. "Like someone looking for their keys under a lamp post, the genes were the easiest place to look for differences between humans and chimpanzees, and in many respects those have been studied pretty well," said Philip Reno, a co-author on the study at Penn State University. "But there is a larger unknown in the form of these other regions of DNA, and in those we are only just beginning to find ways to pull out the differences between humans and chimpanzees." In the years since the human genome project was completed it has become clear that humans and chimps share around 96% of their DNA. Of the three billion pairs of "letters" that make up the human genetic code, genes account for less than 2%. The US team compared the complete human genome with sequences from the chimp, macaque and mouse. They found that humans lack 510 short sections of DNA that are present in the other animals. Intriguingly, only one missing piece of DNA affected a human gene directly. The vast majority of lost DNA disrupted parts of the genome that control how genes are expressed. One missing section of DNA was found to block a gene that, in other animals, stifles the growth of brain cells. Losing that DNA may have been a pivotal moment in human development, as it allowed parts of the human brain to expand into the most complex organ known. Writing in the journal Nature, the researchers describe how our ancestors lost another piece of DNA that gives rise to both facial whiskers and sensitive spines on the tip of the penis, both of which are found in chimpanzees and other non-human primates. Penile spines – which make the penis more sensitive and speed ejaculation – are more common in animals that face intense competition for mates, and where females are likely to mate with many males in rapid succession. The loss of penile spines may have allowed our ancient ancestors to copulate for longer, a development thought to have nurtured monogamous couples and paved the way for more complex social structures. When the scientists checked their genetic discoveries against the Neanderthal genome, they found the same chunks of DNA were missing, meaning the DNA was lost more than 800,000 years ago, which is when our human ancestors split from the Neanderthal lineage. The scientists are still working out what many of the lost sections of DNA do, but expect to find more evidence of how humans differ genetically from chimpanzees. "There are going to be many different features that make humans unique and I don't think we're close to describing all the links between genes that make us different from chimpanzees," said Reno. "We are just getting the initial picture." Edited on 3/11/2011 4:39 PM by Atabey. "If you want to sleep well at night, it's best to avoid watching the making of sausages or politics." Otto Von Bismarck |
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| #28 - Posted 11 March 2011, 7:31 PM | |
Location: United States, right where im standin Join date: November 2010 Member #: 6304 Posts: 1671 | RE: Why is sex the dominant form of reproduction on the planet? sometimes you just have to exept things the way they are. sex is the dominant form of reproduction and it doesnt matter why ! what other way would you like it ? FORGET I ASKED THAT ! thats just the way i roll |
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| #29 - Posted 12 March 2011, 12:45 AM | |
Location: United States Join date: January 2011 Member #: 6646 Posts: 1028 | RE: Why is sex the dominant form of reproduction on the planet? To me one of the main issues I have with Evolution is that it tends to lower the greatness of human beings and all the wonderful things we are capable of and in essence just demotes us to being just 'animals'. Yet we are clearly far more than just animals as we display qualities unique to any other animal. Even if I did not believe in God I would have a very hard time believing that all of the exact, precise organization that is found on ALL levels of live and in space just came about from a random event. If you take a bomb and blow up a building, another organized building does not appear after the destruction. Chaos in its most natural essence does not beget organization and precision. The Sun just so happens to be the right distance from the Earth. One mile closer it would be too hot, one mile further away it would be to cold. The Earth is tilt just so and spins just so, so as to allow for day and night and seasons which in turn ensure that plants can grow and provide food for animals and humankind. And the list just goes on and on and on. If you see a masterful painting, the first thought you think is, "Who painted this beautiful painting?" because logically you know that the painting under any circumstance could NEVER have just come to exist. The celestial bodies in Space, the Earth, Plants, Insects, Animals, Humans, Natural Forces are WAY more complex and 'masterful' than ANY painting any human could create, so to me its only right to give the credit to a/the creator. I can only imagine how I would feel if I took months painting a masterpiece only to have people look at it and conclude that it just randomly came to be. |
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| #30 - Posted 12 March 2011, 12:57 AM | |
Location: Dominican Republic Join date: September 2008 Member #: 1444 Posts: 6778 | RE: Why is sex the dominant form of reproduction on the planet? Post was deleted (low rank) |
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