How rainwater harvesting is helping Nicaraguan farmers

By Alejandra Martins BBC Mundo
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-15861083

Irrigating crops in Nicaragua. Photo: N.Palmer/CIAT Prized resource: The aim is to ensure a year-round supply of water


"I've been a farmer for more than 40 years, but I never had an opportunity like this," says Victor Beltran.

Mr Beltran lives in northern Nicaragua, one of the poorest and driest areas of the country, where a pilot project to harvest rainwater is beginning to transform local agriculture and local people's lives.

"Farmers have come from other parts of the country to see what is happening here. I no longer depend on seasonal rainfall. I produce three times more maize and have a surplus to trade," says Mr Beltran.

The project involves building earthen dams to form reservoirs or ponds that can collect surface water run-off from the hills during the rainy season.

Victor Beltran: Photo: N Palmer/CIAT Farmer Victor Beltran says the project has changed the way he works

The water is then used for irrigation during periods of drought.

"The problem in Nicaragua and the majority of tropical areas in Latin America is that you have a huge contrast between the rainy and the dry season," says Gonzalo Zorrilla, who is directing the project.

"In Nicaragua's case, you have a lot of rain for six months and then six months when there is practically none."

Catching the rain

The idea for the initiative stemmed from work in southern Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay by the Latin American Fund for Irrigated Rice (FLAR) and supported by the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT).

In these countries, more than 1m hectares (2.5m acres) of rice have been irrigated with water collected by the farmers themselves.

Rainwater reservoir in Nicaragua. Photo: N Palmer/CIAT The key to the project is finding the right location to build a dam

"With our partners in Nicaragua, the local rice farmers' association, we thought it could be possible to use the same technology to help small farmers in the tropics," said Mr Zorrilla.

"We convinced a UN agency, the Common Fund for Commodities, CFC, to fund the project."

The idea is to construct the reservoirs as cheaply and simply as possible.

A dam is built between two hillsides to catch the rainwater run-off and create a pool of water.

An outlet tube reinforced with steel bars lies underneath the dam, so all the farmer has to do to irrigate his crops is open the valve.

"If you go anywhere in northern Costa Rica, Panama or Nicaragua, there is massive unemployment during six months of the year. People have no income, no crops, and in severe cases their cattle are dying," says Edward Pulver, agricultural scientist at FLAR.

When the project started, he says, many farmers were not optimistic about their future.

"But as soon as we started mentioning irrigation, their eyes lit up like Christmas tree lights because they had hope.

"They saw they didn't have to be poor, there was a way out. It is incredibly impressive to see that."
Carcass of a cow during Nicaragua's dry season Nicaragua is susceptible to floods - and drought

Fourteen dams have been completed or are being built in Nicaragua, and similar projects are under way in Costa Rica and southern Mexico.

"We are getting the same yields of maize in Nicaragua that you get in the Midwest in the US," says Mr Pulver.

"Fresh corn was not available in the dry season. Now, because of irrigation, some farmers sell their whole production as fresh corn for human consumption," says Mr Zorrilla.

This means a potential income of several thousand dollars per hectare, an amount that was "completely unimaginable in the past", according to Mr Zorrilla.

The project has also helped farmers to vary their diet, as some of them have introduced a small fish, tilapia, to the reservoirs.

Farming's future?

Many countries in Latin America, including Mexico, Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia and Costa Rica have the right topography and conditions to harvest water, says Mr Pulver.

"In Latin America we have excess water. Our problem is we have flooding, so if we can just capture this water, store it and plant crops during the dry season, we can feed ourselves very easily.

"This technology can work in the poorest of countries, and the CFC wants us to take the idea to Africa."

Soybean harvesting. Photo: N Palmer/CIAT Irrigation also means more varied crops can be grown

A key aim of the pilot project, which ends in 2012, is to train local people and officials so they can build their own dams and reservoirs.

"If we finish with just 14 dams in Nicaragua, nothing would have change there because too few farmers would have benefited," says Mr Zorrilla.

"Globally, despite the challenges of growing populations, water is really under used.

"The intelligent, sustainable use of water could give rise to a water revolution, a blue revolution," he says.

One key factor seems already guaranteed: the conviction of the farmers themselves.

"If you expand access to this technology, you can help to lessen the impact drought has in Nicaragua," says Mr Beltran.

"Farmers can have a balanced diet, money for their farm and for their children's education. On my farm, there's now work for four of us.

"This project has really changed the way we think."

Now that is innovation.............problem solver for sure.............

Collecting rainwater in reservoirs?

That is the kind of original, forward thinking that can save us from our ills.







Oh.....wait....What?


Never mind.

The construction of large dams completely change the relationship of water and land, destroying the existing ecosystem balance which, in many cases, has taken thousands of years to create. Currently there are around 40,000 large dams which obstruct the world's rivers, completing changing their circulation systems: this is not going to occur without dire environmental impacts.

Throughout the past few years, the negative impacts of dams have become so well known that most countries have stopped building them altogether and are now forced to invest their money into fixing the problems created by existing dams.

I found a graphical representation of some environmental problems caused by dams.

Soil Erosion

One of the first problems with dams is the erosion of land. Dams hold back the sediment load normally found in a river flow, depriving the downstream of this. In order to make up for the sediments, the downstream water erodes its channels and banks. This lowering of the riverbed threatens vegetation and river wildlife. A major example of soil erosion problems is the Aswan Dam.

One of the reasons dams are built is to prevent flooding. However, most ecosystems which experience flooding are adapted to this and many animal species depend on the floods for various lifecycle stages, such as reproduction and hatching. Annual floods also deposit nutrients and replenish wetlands.

Species Extinction

As fisheries become an increasingly important source of food supply, more attention is being paid to the harmful effects of dams on many fish and marine mammel populations. The vast majority of large dams do not include proper bypass systems for these animals, interfering with their lifecycles and sometimes even forcing species to extinction.

Spread of Disease

Dam reservoirs in tropical areas, due to their slow-movement, are literally breeding grounds for mosquitoes, snails, and flies, the vectors that carry malaria, schistosomiasis, and river blindness.

AC,

These are small irrigation units, not the vast ones above. I've seen many in upstate NY. They are meant to be used for those periods of time when water is scarce. Instead of losing valuable farm animals and crops due to lack of water.

Just pointing out that Dams, both large and small, have been used for Milena. Nothing new!

In DR, as in certain parts of Latin America, it takes that long for it to finally reach awareness and acceptance

If used wisely these small water reservoirs can help immeasurably the quality of life and fiscal health of many farmers in DR and Latin America.